Atom (English)

 ATOM
Atom is the smallest unit of matter, which consists of characteristic properties of chemical elements. It's a basic building block of chemistry.


 History of Atom 

 The existence of atoms has been proposed since the time of early Indian and Greek philosophy in 400 BC, which was of the view that atoms are fundamental building blocks of matter. The word atom has been derived from the Greek word a-tomio which means uncuttable (or) non-divisible.


Fig : 01



Structure of Atom 

In modern scientific usage, the atom is composed of various Subatomic Particles. Most of the atom is empty space. The rest consists of a positively charged nucleus of Protons and Neutrons surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.

The nucleus is small and dense compared with the electron which are the lightest charged particles in nature.


Fig : 02

Dalton Theory
In 1808, Dalton proposed a theory on the atom called as Atomic theory of matter. According to this, the atom is the ultimate particle of matter.

It explained the main three laws.

  •  Law of Conservation of Mass.
  •  Law of Constant Composition.
  •  Law of Multiple Proportion.


Fig : 03

     Main Points:

  •  Elements are made of extremely small particles called ATOMS.
  •  Atoms of a given same element are identical in size, mass, and other properties, different elements differ in size, mass, and other properties.
  •  Atoms cannot be subdivided, created (or) destroyed.
  •  Atoms of different elements combine in a simple whole-number ratio to form chemical compounds.
  •  In chemical reactions, atoms are combined separated (or) rearranged.

     Drawbacks:

  •  It states that atoms cannot be divided but this theory was proved wrong with the discovery of the Proton, Neutron, and Electron within the atom.
  •  It states that atoms of a different element are different in all aspects but this theory was also proved wrong with the introduction of ISOBARS, in which different elements may have the same atomic mass. Ex:- Argon (Ar) and Calcium (Ca) have the same atomic mass of 40amu.
  •  It failed to explain, the results of any experiment like the generation of electricity on glass (or) ebonite when rubbed with silk (or) fur.



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